Monday, October 26, 2026

Wristwatches as Mythological Artifacts

  

Watches as Mythological Artifacts

In Greek mythology, heroes often possess symbolic objects that connect them to a role:

  • Achilles has his divine armor.
  • Odysseus has his bow.
  • Perseus has winged sandals and magical gifts.
  • Athena carries her aegis.

These objects are not merely equipment. They signal identity.

Likewise, modern watches often serve less as practical timekeeping devices and more as symbols of participation in a larger narrative.

A desk-bound office worker wearing a dive watch is rarely preparing for a 300-meter underwater expedition. A professor wearing a pilot watch is unlikely to navigate a Spitfire through a storm. Yet the watch still carries meaning because it grants symbolic access to an archetype.


The Diver as Archetype

The Diver archetype is fundamentally about descent into the unknown.

In mythology, this resembles the hero's journey into dangerous realms:

  • Odysseus entering the underworld.
  • Theseus descending into the Labyrinth.
  • Heracles undertaking impossible labors.

Psychologically, the diver explores what Carl Jung would call the unconscious. The diver enters darkness, confronts uncertainty, and returns with knowledge.

The classic dive watch embodies this:

  • rugged construction
  • resistance to pressure
  • reliability in hostile environments
  • independence and self-sufficiency

The fantasy is not "I can tell time underwater."

The fantasy is:

I can survive where others cannot.

This closely resembles the role of various RPG classes:

  • Ranger
  • Explorer
  • Survivalist
  • Scout

The diver is a frontier hero.


The Pilot as Archetype

The Pilot archetype is different.

Rather than descending, the pilot ascends.

The pilot occupies a symbolic position between earth and heaven.

In Greek myth this evokes:

  • Daedalus
  • Icarus
  • Bellerophon riding Pegasus

These figures transcend normal human limitations.

The pilot watch reflects values such as:

  • navigation
  • precision
  • calculation
  • situational awareness

The pilot does not conquer through brute force.

The pilot masters complexity.

In RPG terms, the pilot resembles:

  • tactician
  • commander
  • engineer
  • navigator

The watch becomes a symbol of rational control amid chaos.


Diver and Pilot as Opposing Heroic Modes

What's especially interesting is that these archetypes form a kind of binary.

Diver Pilot
Below Above
Depth Height
Darkness Light
Pressure Open Space
Exploration Navigation
Survival Mastery
Instinct Calculation
Ocean Sky

This resembles many mythological oppositions:

  • Poseidon versus Zeus
  • Sea versus Sky
  • Underworld journey versus celestial ascent

Yet both are heroic paths.

 


Watches as Narrative Interfaces

What fascinates collectors is often not the specifications themselves but the stories.

The owner may never dive.

The owner may never fly.

Yet the object invites imaginative participation.

The diver says:

Imagine yourself confronting the unknown.

The pilot says:

Imagine yourself mastering the impossible.

This is remarkably similar to what fantasy literature, mythology, tabletop RPGs, and video games all accomplish.

They provide symbolic frameworks through which people explore possible selves.


A Greek Mythology Interpretation

If I were building a mythology lesson around this idea, I might frame it this way:

The Diver Watch is Odyssean.

  • exploration
  • endurance
  • survival
  • confrontation with mystery

The Pilot Watch is Daedalian.

  • ingenuity
  • craftsmanship
  • navigation
  • transcendence of limits

Both watches tell stories about what kind of hero the wearer imagines becoming.

That's why they remain culturally powerful even in an age when a phone keeps better time. Their true function is not chronological. It is mythological.

And that may explain why enthusiasts can spend hours discussing bezels, crowns, lume, and complications. On the surface they are discussing objects. At a deeper level, they are discussing identities, aspirations, and archetypes. The watch is simply the artifact that carries the myth.

Friday, October 23, 2026

Decision Space in Video Games

 Decision space is the range of meaningful choices available to a player at any given moment in a game.

In simple terms:

The larger the decision space, the more options a player can consider and the more they must think about the consequences of their choices.

Example: Small Decision Space

In Flappy Bird, the player essentially has one decision:

  • Tap
  • Don't tap

The game can be difficult, but the decision space is very small because there are very few choices.

Example: Large Decision Space

In Civilization, a player must constantly decide:

  • What technology to research
  • Where to settle cities
  • Which units to build
  • Who to ally with
  • When to go to war
  • How to manage resources

Each choice affects future possibilities, creating a huge decision space.


Decision Space vs. Complexity

A common design goal is to create a large decision space from simple rules.

For example, Chess has only a few basic movement rules, but those rules combine to create an enormous number of possible decisions.

Game designers often praise systems that provide:

  • Easy-to-understand rules
  • Many meaningful choices
  • Different viable strategies

Good Decision Space

A decision space is strongest when choices are:

Meaningful

Different options lead to different outcomes.

Example:

  • Attack now
  • Defend
  • Retreat

Each has advantages and risks.

Legible

Players can understand the consequences of their choices.

Example:

  • A weapon deals 50 damage but attacks slowly.
  • Another deals 20 damage but attacks quickly.

The trade-off is visible.

Interesting

There is no obvious "best" answer in every situation.

If one option is always superior, the decision space effectively shrinks.


Poor Decision Space

False Choices

Options appear different but produce the same result.

Example:

  • Three dialogue options that all lead to the identical response.

Dominant Strategies

One option is so strong that it overwhelms all others.

Example:

  • One weapon is better than every other weapon in damage, speed, and cost.

Players stop considering alternatives, narrowing the decision space.


Connection to Gameplay Loops and Value Chains

Since you're studying gameplay loops and value chains, decision space connects directly to both.

A gameplay loop answers:

"What does the player repeatedly do?"

Decision space answers:

"How many meaningful ways can the player do it?"

For example, in a farming game:

Small decision space

  • Harvest crop
  • Sell crop

Larger decision space

  • Sell crop
  • Cook crop
  • Craft with crop
  • Gift crop to NPCs
  • Use crop for quests

This is very similar to what Daniel Cook discusses in his value-chain essay. A resource becomes more valuable when it participates in many future possibilities. More possibilities generally create a larger decision space for the player.

A useful classroom definition

Decision space: The set of meaningful choices available to a player at a particular point in a game, along with the strategic consequences that result from those choices.

For your game design students, a good discussion question is:

"When does increasing decision space make a game deeper, and when does it simply make a game more complicated?"

That distinction often separates elegant design from overwhelming design.

Wednesday, October 21, 2026

HG Wells, the Time Machine

 from page 1:

“ Filby became pensive. “Clearly,” the Time Traveller proceeded, “any real body must have extension in four directions: it must have Length, Breadth, Thickness, and—Duration. But through a natural infirmity of the flesh, which I will explain to you in a moment, we incline to overlook this fact. There are really four dimensions, three which we call the three planes of Space, and a fourth, Time. There is, however, a tendency to draw an unreal distinction between the former three dimensions and the latter, because it happens that our consciousness moves intermittently in one direction along the latter from the beginning to the end of our lives.”

So, here is four dimensional spacetime in 1895.

https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/35/pg35-images.html


Saturday, October 17, 2026

Vices in Ancient Greek Mythology

 For an Ancient Greek mythology class, it can be useful to pair virtues with their opposite vices. The Greeks did not have a single official list of vices, but many moral failings appear repeatedly in mythology, tragedy, and philosophy.

Major Greek Vices

  • Hubris (ὕβρις) – Excessive pride, arrogance, or defiance of the gods.
    • Examples: Niobe, Arachne, and King Xerxes.
    • Often considered the most dangerous vice in Greek mythology.
  • Greed (Pleonexia) – Wanting more than one's fair share.
    • Examples: King Midas and many tyrants in Greek stories.
  • Cowardice (Deilia) – Failure to act courageously when duty requires it.
    • Opposite of courage.
  • Injustice (Adikia) – Unfairness, lawlessness, or denying others what they deserve.
    • Opposite of justice.
  • Intemperance (Akrasia) – Lack of self-control; being ruled by appetites and passions.
    • Examples: Excessive drinking, lust, gluttony, rage.
    • Opposite of temperance.
  • Foolishness or Ignorance (Amathia) – Refusal to seek wisdom or learn the truth.
    • Socrates regarded ignorance as the root of many moral failures.
  • Envy (Phthonos) – Resentment of another's success or happiness.
    • Frequently motivates conflict among gods and mortals.
  • Wrath (Orgē) – Uncontrolled anger leading to destructive actions.
    • Example: Achilles' rage in the Iliad.
  • Impiety (Asebeia) – Disrespect toward the gods, sacred customs, or religious duties.
    • A common cause of divine punishment.
  • Deceit (Dolos) – Dishonesty and treachery.
    • While clever trickery could sometimes be admired, deceit that harmed others was often condemned.

A Useful Classroom Pairing

Virtue

Vice

Wisdom

Ignorance / Foolishness

Courage

Cowardice

Temperance

Intemperance / Excess

Justice

Injustice

Humility

Hubris

Piety

Impiety

Generosity

Greed

Self-Control

Wrath

Mythology's Repeating Pattern

Many Greek myths follow the same moral arc:

Hubris → Ate (delusion/blindness) → Nemesis (divine retribution) → Downfall

For example:

  • Arachne's pride leads her to challenge Athena.
  • Niobe boasts that she is superior to Leto.
  • Icarus ignores warnings and flies too close to the sun.

This cycle makes hubris arguably the central vice in Greek mythology.


Socrates: Moral Virtues

 Socrates is often associated with the idea that virtue is knowledge: if a person truly knows what is good, they will act accordingly. In the Platonic tradition influenced by Socratic thought, four principal virtues are commonly identified:

  1. Wisdom (Sophia)
    • Knowledge of what is truly good and how to live rightly.
    • For Socrates, wisdom begins with recognizing the limits of one's own knowledge.
  2. Courage (Andreia)
    • The ability to act rightly despite fear or danger.
    • Courage is guided by knowledge, not recklessness.
  3. Temperance (Sophrosyne)
    • Self-control, moderation, and mastery over desires and impulses.
  4. Justice (Dikaiosyne)
    • Fairness and giving each person what is due.
    • Harmony in both the individual and society. A uniquely Socratic idea is that these virtues are deeply connected and may ultimately be different expressions of a single underlying virtue: knowledge of the good. A person who truly possesses such knowledge will naturally be just, courageous, and temperate.

Aristotle: Moral Virtues

 Aristotle’s Moral Virtues (The Golden Mean)

Aristotle categorizes moral virtues by the specific sphere of feeling, action, or social conduct they govern: [1]

  • Courage: The mean between rashness (excess) and cowardice (deficiency) regarding fear and confidence.
  • Temperance: The mean between licentiousness/self-indulgence (excess) and insensibility (deficiency) regarding bodily pleasures and pains.
  • Liberality (Generosity): The mean between prodigality/extravagance (excess) and illiberality/stinginess(deficiency) in managing minor wealth and spending.
  • Magnificence: The mean between vulgarity/ostentation (excess) and pettiness/conservatism(deficiency) in handling major wealth and grand scale spending.
  • Magnanimity (Great-Souledness): The mean between vanity (excess) and pusillanimity/false humility(deficiency) regarding major honor and status.
  • Ambition (Proper Ambition): The mean between over-ambition (excess) and unambitiousness(deficiency) regarding minor honor.
  • Patience (Gentleness / Good Temper): The mean between irascibility/short-temper (excess) and lack of spirit/submissiveness (deficiency) regarding anger.
  • Truthfulness: The mean between boastfulness (excess) and understatement/self-deprecation(deficiency) in self-expression.
  • Wittiness: The mean between buffoonery (excess) and boorishness/dryness (deficiency) in conversation and humor.
  • Friendliness: The mean between obsequiousness (excess) and cantankerousness/aloofness (deficiency) in social conduct.
  • Modesty: The mean between shyness/embarrassment (excess) and shamelessness (deficiency) regarding shame.
  • Righteous Indignation: The mean between envy (excess) and malicious enjoyment (deficiency) regarding the fortune or misfortune of others. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]




Aristotle’s Intellectual Virtues

Unlike moral virtues, which are formed through habit,intellectual virtues are developed through instruction, experience, and time within the rational part of the soul: [1, 2]


  • Art / Craftsmanship (Techne): The practical skill or rational capacity to make things effectively. [1, 2]
  • Scientific Knowledge (Episteme): The ability to grasp demonstrable, universal, and unchanging truths.[1, 2]
  • Prudence / Practical Wisdom (Phronesis): The ability to deliberate well and make good, ethical choices regarding human action and what is good for oneself and society. [1, 2]
  • Intuition / Intellect (Nous): The capacity to grasp the basic first principles and foundational truths that underpin science. [1, 2]
  • Philosophic Wisdom (Sophia): The combination of nous and episteme, representing the highest form of theoretical wisdom concerning universal first principles. [1, 2]


Plato: 4 Cardinal Virtues

 Plato outlined four cardinal virtues in The Republic that form the foundation of both an ideal society and a well-ordered human soul. [1, 2]


The Four Cardinal Virtues

  • Wisdom (Sophia / Prudence): Assigned to the rational part of the soul (and the ruling class in a city), wisdom involves knowing what is truly good and guiding decisions with reason. [1, 2, 3]
  • Courage (Andreia / Fortitude): Assigned to the spirited/auxiliary part of the soul (and the warrior class), courage is the strength to hold onto true beliefs and face fear or temptation. [1, 2, 3]
  • Temperance (Sophrosyne / Moderation): Shared across all parts of the soul (and most closely linked to the producing/artisanal class), temperance is self-control, balance, and the moderation of animal appetites. [1, 2, 3]
  • Justice (Dikaiosyne): The highest virtue that stands above the other three. Justice occurs when every part of the soul (or every class in the city) performs its proper role in harmony without overstepping. [1, 2]


How They Connect

  • Tripartite Soul: Plato mapped these virtues to the three parts of the human mind: reason (Wisdom), spirit (Courage), and appetite (Temperance), with Justice acting as the overarching harmony of the whole. [1, 2]
  • Legacy: These four traits later became known as the cardinal virtues (from the Latin cardo, meaning "hinge"), influencing Stoic, Christian, and Western ethical traditions. [1, 2, 3]